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aNNiPAk, как то так

<?php

$dir = 'dir';

$resultfile = new SplFileObject('result.txt', 'w');

$fileSPLObjects =  new RecursiveIteratorIterator(new RecursiveDirectoryIterator($dir), RecursiveIteratorIterator::CHILD_FIRST);
foreach($fileSPLObjects as $fullFileName => $fileSPLObject ) {
    if ($fileSPLObject->isFile()) {
        $info = new SplFileInfo($fullFileName);    
        if ($info->getExtension() == 'txt') {
            $content = file_get_contents($fullFileName);
            $patterns = array(
                '#dynasty = "(.*)"#iU',
                '#name = "(.*)"#iU',
                '#leader = "(.*)"#iU',
                '#capital = "(.*)"#iU',
            );
            $resultfile->fwrite(' - ' . basename($fullFileName) . ' - ' . PHP_EOL); // эта строка в результат добавляет имя файла
            foreach($patterns as $pattern) {
                preg_match($pattern, $content, $matches);
                empty($matches[0]) ?: $resultfile->fwrite($matches[0] . PHP_EOL);
            }
            unset($content);
        }
    }
}